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Single stranded RNA-oligonucleotides, phosphorothioate (PTO-) protected

Scientific context
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental for the innate immune response. Two of these orphan receptors TLR7/TLR8 have been identified to act as sensors for single stranded RNA. Whereas doublestranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was already known as a danger signal associated with viral infection and stimulates innate immune cells, the immunostimulatory potential of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is poorly understood and respective receptors were unknown. Only recently members of the TLR family were identified to play an important role in the sensing of ssRNAs. Activation of TLRs leads to the generation of an adoptive immune response resulting in the eradication of pathogens. Guanosine (G)-and uridine (U)-rich ssRNA oligonucleotides derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages to secrete interferon-α and proinflammatory, as well as regulatory, cytokines.
Beside a research group at the TU Munich two other groups at the Imperial Cancer Research (ICRF) in London and the other at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Yale University in New Haven also reported on this phenomenon. Researchers in the group of Stefan Bauer at the TU Munich stated that this discovery has an interesting potential for the development of novel methods of immunization for vaccine design using RNA as adjuvant.
Mediators of the innate immune system for the sensing of bacterial pathogens such as CpG-rich motifs have already entered clinical trials.

Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S, 2004: Science 303:1526-1529.
Haas T, Metzger J, Schmitz F, Heit A, Müller T, Latz E, Wagner H, 2008: Immunity 28:315-323.

Products
IBAs GeneTAGnology division has a long lasting experience not only in DNA-oligonucleotide synthesis, but also in the synthesis of high quality single-stranded RNA molecules. Products of our GeneTAGnology division have been used amongst others by a research group at the TU munich to identify members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family as sensors for single stranded RNA.

IBA Quality
IBA ssRNA as well as our other RNA products are manufactured in state-of-the art facilities. Due to the phosphorothioate modifications the stability of this kind of ssRNA-oligonucleotides is increased significantly. Quality is checked routinely according to our stringent quality standards. Special care is taken to use only highest quality raw materials. IBAs ssRNA products are especially recognized for their superior performance in cell culture assays looking for an immune response monitoring avoiding any kind of endotoxin-related unspecific effects.

Order information
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product	scale	amount [oD]	cat. no.	price	order
RNA-ASPTO-coupling	0.2 µmol	5 OD	5-0411-013	13.00 EUR/base
RNA Phosphorothioate coupling	1.0 µmol	20 OD	5-0411-014	19.00 EUR/base
HPLC Purification of RNA Phosphorothioates	0.2 µmol		5-1021-003	40.00 EUR
	1.0 µmol		5-1021-004	50.00 EUR

All modifications which are available for DNA are available for RNA Phosphorothioates too

Pre-defined RNA, completely phosphorothioate protected

RNA PTO, RNA 40/41/42, cell culture grade*	25 nmol		5-0515-553	250.00 EUR
RNA PTO, RNA 40/41/42, cell culture grade*	100 nmol		5-0515-554	530.00 EUR

Tools for enzymatic DNA and RNA modifications

Modified triphosphates

Dinucleotides